A Study of Politeness Expressions in Tiv

Abstract

This study examines how politeness is encoded and expressed through various linguistic features. The aim of the study is to investigate the expression of politeness in the Tiv language. The study is founded on the politeness theory of Levinson and Brown of 1987. The theory posits that communication is a social activity that requires individuals to manage their “face”- their self-esteem, dignity and social identity in interacting with others. Data for the study is sourced from semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions, observation as well as printed materials. A descriptive and qualitative research design with a sample size of thirty participants is used for this study. The findings identify linguistic markers of politeness in Tiv such as ‘respectful titles’ (Orvesen, Zaki), ‘terms of endearment’ (Adoomshima, Ishan Pepe), “gratitude expressions” (Msugh u Tom) among others. The findings add that the contextual factors influencing these expressions include age, social status, relationships and situational contexts, such as greetings, apologies and requests, all of which shape the appropriateness of politeness usage. The study submits that the socio-cultural significance of these expressions lies in their role in re-enforcing respect, harmony and community cohesion, as well as sustaining cultural values through sensitive communication. The findings also show that the politeness strategies observed are: positive politeness to foster solidarity, negative politeness to reduce imposition, and off-record strategies such as euphemisms to handle delicate matters. The study concludes that politeness expressions in Tiv play an essential role in maintaining harmony, respect and social order within the Tiv speech community. The work recommends that Tiv language studies should incorporate politeness expressions to help learners understand the socio-cultural and socio linguistic import of language in maintaining respect and harmony.